Difference between revisions of "Math"

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< [[Main Page]] | [[Math with newmat]] | [[MathML]] >
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< [[Main Page]] | [[Math with newmat]] | [[MathML]] | [[Math_structures]]>
  
Many people start with TeX because they want to set formulae.
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== Introduction ==
Simple math typesetting exists since PlainTeX and these commands work in ConTeXt as in LaTeX.
 
Advanced math was introduced to TeX by AMS (American Mathematical Society); nowadays AMSTeX and LaTeX are united. But how can one use advanced math with ConTeXt?
 
  
* There are two different math modules on [http://dante.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/context/contrib/maths/ CTAN], [[Math with nath|nath]] and [[Math with amsl|amsl]].
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TeX was designed for ease of typesetting books that contained mathematics. As ConTeXt is built on top of TeX, it inherits all those features. In addition to these, ConTeXt adds lot of macros to make the typesetting of mathematics easier.
* It is also possible to use most [[LaTeX Math in ConTeXt|LaTeX equations in ConTeXt]] with a relatively small set of supporting definitions.
+
 
* The "native" ConTeXt way of math is [[MathML]], an application of [[XML]] - rather verbose but mighty.
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There are '''two''' kinds of '''math modes''' --- '''inline math and display math'''. Mathematical expressions that are written with the running text are called inline math; while mathematical expressions that break the flow of the text (such as formulas or equations) are called display math. TeX takes care of proper spacing around expressions and provides macros to typeset most mathematical constructs.
* And there's a [[Math with newmat|new math]] module in the distribution.
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Complicated expressions can be built by working in steps---break down the expression into sub-expressions, build the sub-expressions and then combine them to get the complicated expression.
  
==Simple Math==
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The basics of typesetting math in ConTeXt is explained here.
  
ConTeXt supports inline math (mathematical formulas set within ordinary paragraphs as part of the text) and display math (mathematics set on lines by themselves, often with equation numbers).  Inline math is enclosed in "$" signs, while display math is enclosed in a <cmd>startformula</cmd> / <cmd>stopformula</cmd> pair.
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=== Display math mode ===
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Type
  
 
<texcode>
 
<texcode>
Inline math is set as $c^2 = a^2 + b^2$, and display math as
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\startformula ... \stopformula
\placeformula
 
\startformula
 
c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
 
\stopformula
 
 
</texcode>
 
</texcode>
  
This, when typeset, produces the following:
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to get display math mode.
 
 
<context>
 
Inline math is set as $c^2 = a^2 + b^2$, and display math as
 
\placeformula
 
\startformula
 
c^2 = a^2 + b^2.
 
\stopformula
 
</context>
 
  
The <cmd>placeformula</cmd> command is optional, and produces the equation number; leaving it off produces an unnumbered equation.
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=== Inline math mode ===
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There are four equivalent commands to get inline math mode:
  
ConTeXt's base mathematics support is built on the mathematics support in plain TeX, thus allowing quite complicated formulas.  (There are also some additional macros, such as the <cmd>text</cmd> command for text-mode notes within math.)  For instance:
 
 
<texcode>
 
<texcode>
A more complicated equation:
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$ ... $              % TeX style.
\placeformula
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\m{ ... }          
\startformula
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\math{ ... }        
{{\theta_{\text{ConTeXt}}}^2 \over x+2}
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\mathematics{ ... }
= \pmatrix{a_{11}&a_{12}&\ldots&a_{1n}\cr
 
            a_{21}&a_{22}&\ldots&a_{2n}\cr
 
            \vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr
 
            a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr}
 
  \pmatrix{b_1 \cr b_2 \cr \vdots \cr b_n}
 
+ \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j
 
  \left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n=1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)
 
\stopformula
 
 
</texcode>
 
</texcode>
  
which produces
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=== Note to Plain TeX Users ===
<context>
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ConTeXt is plain TeX compatible. So, if you have any old document written in plain TeX, it will work with ConTeXt. This does not mean that you will get pixel by pixel identical output with ConTeXt. For inline math, everything that you learnt for plain TeX is also true for ConTeXt. However, display math is significantly different. '''Do not use <code>$$ .... $$</code>''' to write display math formulas in ConTeXt, since you will not get the correct spacing around the formulas. Instead use
A more complicated equation:
 
\placeformula
 
\startformula
 
{{\theta_{\text{ConTeXt}}}^2 \over x+2}
 
= \pmatrix{a_{11}&a_{12}&\ldots&a_{1n}\cr
 
            a_{21}&a_{22}&\ldots&a_{2n}\cr
 
            \vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr
 
            a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\ldots&a_{nn}\cr}
 
  \pmatrix{b_1 \cr b_2 \cr \vdots \cr b_n}
 
+ \sum_{j=1}^\infty z^j
 
  \left( \sum_{\scriptstyle n=1 \atop \scriptstyle n \ne j}^\infty Z_j^n \right)
 
\stopformula
 
</context>
 
 
 
[http://www.ntg.nl:8061/texmath.pdf Here] you can try it "live" (PDF interface!).
 
 
 
[[MathAlignment]] is covered on a separate page.
 
 
 
==Formula Numbering==
 
 
 
As mentioned above, formulas can be numbered using the <cmd>placeformula</cmd> command. This (and the related <cmd>placesubformula</cmd> command have an optional argument which can be used to produce sub-formula numbering. For example:
 
  
 
<texcode>
 
<texcode>
Examples:
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\startformula ... \stopformula
\placeformula{a}
 
\startformula
 
c^2 = a^2 + b^2
 
\stopformula
 
 
 
\placesubformula{b}
 
\startformula
 
c^2 = a^2 + b^2
 
\stopformula
 
 
</texcode>
 
</texcode>
  
<context>
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See [[Math/Display]] for more details on how to use display math in ConTeXt.
Examples:
 
\placeformula{a}
 
\startformula
 
c^2 = a^2 + b^2
 
\stopformula
 
  
\placesubformula{b}
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=== Note to AMSTeX/LaTeX Users ===
\startformula
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ConTeXt offers almost all the features that are present in AMSTeX and LaTeX. However, ConTeXt syntax is different. See this [http://dl.contextgarden.net/myway/context-latex-math.pdf My Way] for how to 'translate' from amsmath syntax to ConTeXt syntax. [[LaTeX_Math_in_ConTeXt]] gives some brief ideas on how to get the LaTeX syntax to run in ConTeXt.
c^2 = a^2 + b^2
 
\stopformula
 
</context>
 
  
What's going on here is simpler than it might appear at first glance.  Both <cmd>placeformula</cmd> and <cmd>placesubformula</cmd> produce equation numbers with the optional tag added at the end; the sole difference is that the former increments the equation number first, while the latter does not (and thus can be used for the second and subsequent formulas that use the same formula number but presumably have different tags).
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== The details ==
  
This is sufficient for cases where the standard ConTeXt equation numbers suffice, and where only one equation number is needed per formula.  However, there are many cases where this is insufficient, and <cmd>placeformula</cmd> defines <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> commands, which provide hooks to allow the use of ConTeXt-managed formula numbers with plain TeX equation numbering. These, when used within a formula, simply return the formula number in properly formatted form, as can be seen in this simple example with plain TeX's <cmd>eqno</cmd>.  Note that the optional tag is inherited from <cmd>placeformula</cmd>.
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=== Math symbols ===
 
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* [[Math/basic | How to input math]] (binary relations, greek letters, subscripts and superscripts)
<texcode>
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* Accents
More examples:
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* [[Math/stackers | underbrace]], [[Math/stackers | overbrace]]
\placeformula{c}
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* [[Math/fractions | Fractions, Binomials, genfrac, continued fractions.]]
\startformula
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* Delimiters (big, bigg, left, middle, right)
\let\doplaceformulanumber\empty
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* Integrals and Sums
c^2 = a^2 + b^2  \eqno{\formulanumber}
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* ([[Math/functions|Log like]]) functions
\stopformula
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* dots
</texcode>
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* [[Multiline_equations#Cases|Cases]], matrices, bordermatrix
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* Arrows (see [http://dl.contextgarden.net/myway/matharrows.pdf Math Arrows])
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* [[Vectors]]
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* [[Product integral]]
  
<context>
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=== Display Math ===
More examples:
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* [[Math/Display | Formula, formula number]]
\placeformula{c}
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* [[Multiline equations]] (see [http://dl.contextgarden.net/myway/mathalign.pdf Using \mathalign and friends])
\startformula
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* Math sub-alignment
\let\doplaceformulanumber\empty
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* [[Math spacing]]
c^2 = a^2 + b^2  \eqno{\formulanumber}
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* Discussion: [[User_talk:Zenlima | summary of formula numbering problems]] (comment: unverified)
\stopformula
 
</context>
 
  
Normally, using <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> will turn off ConTeXt's automatic formula number placement, and so there will be no interference between the two; however, in this case, it doesn't, and we must turn it off manually with the <tt>\let\doplaceformulanumber\empty</tt> line.  (The <cmd>placeformula</cmd> command is still required, however, to set up the numbering.)  For more control over sub-formula numbering, <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> have an optional argument parallel to that of <cmd>placeformula</cmd>, as demonstrated in this use of plain TeX's <cmd>eqalignno</cmd>, which places multiple equation numbers within one formula.
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==Math Fonts==
  
<texcode>
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''See [[Math fonts]]'' for the main article about this subject.
Yet more examples:
 
\placeformula
 
\startformula
 
\eqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2  &\formulanumber{a} \cr
 
          a^2 + b^2 &= c^2  &\subformulanumber{b} \cr
 
          d^2 &= e^2        &\formulanumber\cr}
 
\stopformula
 
</texcode>
 
  
<context>
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== Other Methods ==
Yet more examples:
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* There are two different math modules on [http://dante.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/context/contrib/maths/ CTAN], [[Math with nath|nath]] and [[Math with amsl|amsl]]. And there's a [[Math with newmat|new math]] module in the distribution.
\placeformula
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* Context now has inbuilt support for [[Multiline equations]]
\startformula
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* It is also possible to use most [[LaTeX Math in ConTeXt|LaTeX equations in ConTeXt]] with a relatively small set of supporting definitions.
\eqalignno{c^2 &= a^2 + b^2  &\formulanumber{a} \cr
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* The "native" ConTeXt way of math is [[MathML]], an application of [[XML]] - rather verbose but mighty.
          a^2 + b^2 &= c^2  &\subformulanumber{b} \cr
 
          d^2 &= e^2        &\formulanumber\cr}
 
\stopformula
 
</context>
 
  
Note that both <cmd>formulanumber</cmd> and <cmd>subformulanumber</cmd> can be used within the same formula, and the formula number is incremented as expected. Also, if an optional argument is specified in both <cmd>placefigure</cmd> and <cmd>formulanumber</cmd>, the latter takes precedence.
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==Science==
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* Esp. for physics there’s the [[Units]] module.
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* Additions to [[MathML]] are PhysML and ChemML.
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* [[Chemistry]]
 +
* There's a module for chemical structure formulae: [[Chemistry|PPCHTeX]] (works also with LaTeX).
  
 
==Number Formatting==
 
==Number Formatting==
There's a special command, <cmd>digits</cmd>, and a own manual about formatting numbers, see [http://www.pragma-ade.com/general/magazines/mag-0003.pdf Pasting digits together]
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There's a special command, <cmd>digits</cmd>, with its own manual about formatting numbers, see [http://www.pragma-ade.com/general/magazines/mag-0003.pdf Pasting digits together]
  
==Math [[Fonts]]==
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==Evaluating expressions in ConTeXt==
* [[Bold Math]]
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(i.e. ''doing'' math)
* [http://homepage.mac.com/atl/tex/EulerContext.pdf Euler in ConTeXt (using Euler math font)] by Adam Lindsay
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* See also [[Expressions]].
  
==Science==
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[[Category:Math]]
* Esp. for physics there’s the [[units]] module.
 
* Additions to [[MathML]] are PhysML and ChemML.
 
* [[Chemistry]]
 
* There's a module for chemical structure formulae: [[Chemistry|PPCHTeX]] (works also with LaTeX). It's based on [[Metapost]] and [[MetaFun]].
 

Revision as of 10:37, 29 October 2019

< Main Page | Math with newmat | MathML | Math_structures>

Introduction

TeX was designed for ease of typesetting books that contained mathematics. As ConTeXt is built on top of TeX, it inherits all those features. In addition to these, ConTeXt adds lot of macros to make the typesetting of mathematics easier.

There are two kinds of math modes --- inline math and display math. Mathematical expressions that are written with the running text are called inline math; while mathematical expressions that break the flow of the text (such as formulas or equations) are called display math. TeX takes care of proper spacing around expressions and provides macros to typeset most mathematical constructs. Complicated expressions can be built by working in steps---break down the expression into sub-expressions, build the sub-expressions and then combine them to get the complicated expression.

The basics of typesetting math in ConTeXt is explained here.

Display math mode

Type

\startformula ... \stopformula

to get display math mode.

Inline math mode

There are four equivalent commands to get inline math mode:

$ ... $              % TeX style.
\m{ ... }            
\math{ ... }         
\mathematics{ ... }

Note to Plain TeX Users

ConTeXt is plain TeX compatible. So, if you have any old document written in plain TeX, it will work with ConTeXt. This does not mean that you will get pixel by pixel identical output with ConTeXt. For inline math, everything that you learnt for plain TeX is also true for ConTeXt. However, display math is significantly different. Do not use $$ .... $$ to write display math formulas in ConTeXt, since you will not get the correct spacing around the formulas. Instead use

\startformula ... \stopformula

See Math/Display for more details on how to use display math in ConTeXt.

Note to AMSTeX/LaTeX Users

ConTeXt offers almost all the features that are present in AMSTeX and LaTeX. However, ConTeXt syntax is different. See this My Way for how to 'translate' from amsmath syntax to ConTeXt syntax. LaTeX_Math_in_ConTeXt gives some brief ideas on how to get the LaTeX syntax to run in ConTeXt.

The details

Math symbols

Display Math

Math Fonts

See Math fonts for the main article about this subject.

Other Methods

  • There are two different math modules on CTAN, nath and amsl. And there's a new math module in the distribution.
  • Context now has inbuilt support for Multiline equations
  • It is also possible to use most LaTeX equations in ConTeXt with a relatively small set of supporting definitions.
  • The "native" ConTeXt way of math is MathML, an application of XML - rather verbose but mighty.

Science

  • Esp. for physics there’s the Units module.
  • Additions to MathML are PhysML and ChemML.
  • Chemistry
  • There's a module for chemical structure formulae: PPCHTeX (works also with LaTeX).

Number Formatting

There's a special command, \digits, with its own manual about formatting numbers, see Pasting digits together

Evaluating expressions in ConTeXt

(i.e. doing math)