View source for Mathematics/Mathematical glyphs

= Binary Operators Relations=

Basic binary symbols can be produced by typing the correspoding keyboard character. These include

  + - = < >

A general expressions can be input in the natural manner. For example <code>$x+y$</code> gives <context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8]$x+y$</context>. Notice that TeX took care of the spacing around <code>+</code>. Mathematicians use a lot of symbols that are not avialable on the keyboard. TeX (and ConTeXt) provide macros to input them. For example <code>$x \times y$</code> gives <context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8]$x \times y$
</context>. The following is a parial list of frequently used binary operators and  relations.

{| border="1"
! colspan="2" | Commonly Used Binary Operators
! colspan="2" | Commonly used relation symbols
! colspan="2" | Set Relations
|-
|{{cmd|pm}}||<context>$\pm$</context>
|{{cmd|leq}}||<context>$\leq$</context>
|{{cmd|subset}}||<context>$\subset$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|mp}}||<context>$\mp$</context>
|{{cmd|ll}}||<context>$\ll$</context>
|{{cmd|subseteq}}||<context>$\subseteq$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|times}}||<context>$\times$</context>
|{{cmd|geq}}||<context>$\geq$</context>
|{{cmd|supset}}||<context>$\supset$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|div}}||<context>$\div$</context>
|{{cmd|gg}}||<context>$\gg$</context>
|{{cmd|supseteq}}||<context>$\supseteq$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|ast}}||<context>$\ast$</context>
|{{cmd|equiv}}||<context>$\equiv$</context>
|{{cmd|cap}}||<context>$\cap$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|star}}||<context>$\star$</context>
|{{cmd|sim}}||<context>$\sim$</context>
|{{cmd|cup}}||<context>$\cup$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|bullet}}||<context>$\bullet$</context>
|{{cmd|simeq}}||<context>$\simeq$</context>
|{{code|\in}}||<context>$\in$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|circ}}||<context>$\circ$</context>
|{{cmd|approx}}||<context>$\approx$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|cdot}}||<context>$\cdot$</context>
|{{cmd|neq}}||<context>$\neq$</context>
|}

= Sums, products, integrals=

== Sums with {{cmd|sum}} ==

<context source="yes">
\setupbodyfont[14pt]
\framed[frame=off,align=normal]{%
 \m{\sum_{k = 0}^{j + n} a_k = e^{a + b - c}}  \blank[small]
\dm{\sum_{k = 0}^{j + n} a_k = e^{a + b - c}}}
</context>

== Products with {{cmd|prod}} ==

<context source="yes">
\setupbodyfont[14pt]
\framed[frame=off,align=normal]{%
 \m{\prod_{i=a}^{b} f(i)}  \blank[small]
\dm{\prod_{i=a}^{b} f(i)}}
</context>

==Integrals with {{cmd|int}} ==

<context source="yes">
\setupbodyfont[14pt]
\framed[frame=off,align=normal]{%
 \m{\int_a^b f(x) \dd x }  \blank[small]      
\dm{\int_a^b f(x) \dd x }  \blank[small]

\setupmathematics[differentiald=upright]
\dm{\int_a^b f(x) \dd x }  \blank[small]               
}
</context>

= Greek Letters =

To type the greek character ''α'' you can say <code>$\alpha$</code> which gives <context>$\alpha$</context>. If you have a utf enabled keyboard, you can also type the α directly and ConTeXt will correctly interpret it. For example,

<texcode>
\enableregime[utf]

Here is some Greek math $α^2 + β^2 = γ^2$
</texcode>

Here is a complete list of greek letters

{| border="1"
! colspan="2" | lowercase greek letters
! colspan="2" | variation
! colspan="2" | uppercase greek letters
|-
|{{cmd|alpha}}||<context>$\alpha$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|beta}}||<context>$\beta$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|gamma}}||<context>$\gamma$</context>
|
|
|{{cmd|Gamma}}||<context>$\Gamma$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|delta}}||<context>$\delta$</context>
|
|
|{{cmd|Delta}}||<context>$\Delta$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|epsilon}}||<context>$\epsilon$</context>
|{{cmd|varepsilon}}||<context>$\varepsilon$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|zeta}}||<context>$\zeta$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|eta}}||<context>$\eta$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|theta}}||<context>$\theta$</context>
|{{cmd|vartheta}}||<context>$\vartheta$</context>
|{{cmd|Theta}}||<context>$\Theta$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|iota}}||<context>$\iota$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|kappa}}||<context>$\kappa$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|lambda}}||<context>$\lambda$</context>
|
|
|{{cmd|Lambda}}||<context>$\Lambda$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|mu}}||<context>$\mu$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|nu}}||<context>$\nu$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|xi}}||<context>$\xi$</context>
|
|
|{{cmd|Xi}}||<context>$\Xi$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|omicron}}||<context>$\omicron$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|pi}}||<context>$\pi$</context>
|{{cmd|varpi}}||<context>$\varpi$</context>
|{{cmd|Pi}}||<context>$\Pi$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|rho}}||<context>$\rho$</context>
|{{cmd|varrho}}||<context>$\varrho$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|sigma}}||<context>$\sigma$</context>
|{{cmd|varsigma}}||<context>$\varsigma$</context>
|{{cmd|Sigma}}||<context>$\Sigma$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|tau}}||<context>$\tau$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|upsilon}}||<context>$\upsilon$</context>
|
|
|{{cmd|Upsilon}}||<context>$\Upsilon$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|phi}}||<context>$\phi$</context>
|
|
|{{cmd|Phi}}||<context>$\Phi$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|chi}}||<context>$\chi$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|psi}}||<context>$\psi$</context>
|
|
|{{cmd|Psi}}||<context>$\Psi$</context>
|-
|{{cmd|omega}}||<context>$\omega$</context>
|
|
|{{cmd|Omega}}||<context>$\Omega$</context>
|}

=Subscript and superscript=

TeX uses <code>^</code> and <code>_</code> to denote superscipts and subscipts. It is perhaps easiest to explain this by means of some examples. <context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8]$x_{10}^{15}$</context> is written as <code>$x_{10}^{15}$</code> or <code>$x^{15}_{10}$</code>. The order in which <code>_</code> and <code>^</code> are given does not matter. One can also type complicated expressions like <context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8]$a_{b_{c_{d_{e}}}}$</context> as <code>$a_{b_{c_{d_{e}}}}$</code>.

To align superscripts and subscripts one after the other (not above/below each other), add empty braces <code>{}</code> after each of them as <code>$T^a{}_b{}^c{}$</code> to obtain <context>\setuplayout[scale=0.8]$T^a{}_b{}^c{}$</context>. This effectively adds each index as superscript/subscript of the empty braces rather than the main character, thus aligning them separately and avoiding double superscript errors.

=List of All Math macros=

With <code>\usemodule[fnt-25]</code>, {{cmd|showmathfontcharacters}} produces a lengthy annotated catalogue.
Here is the first page:

<context width="13cm">
\setuplayout[scale=0.8,width=13cm]
\usemodule[fnt-25]
\starttext
\showmathfontcharacters
\stoptext
</context>

In ConTeXt MkII, you can see the list of all math macros by {{cmd|showmathcharacters}}.


= Spacing=

TeX handles math spacing by breaking a formula into parts, and assigning each of those parts a role such as 'Ord' (a variable or number) or 'Rel' (equality, larger than, et cetera). For each combination of roles, it then looks up the spacing appropriate between them in a table. These are the roles:

{| class=wikitable
| Ord || e.g. ''4'' or ''a'' or ''x<sup>2</sup>''
|-
| Op || Unary operators such as ''sin'' or ''ln''.
|-
| Bin || Binary operators such as '+'
|-
| Rel || Relationships such as '=' or '>' or '\implies'
|-
| Open || open brackets of any kind
|-
| Close || closing brackets of any kind
|-
| Punct || Punctuation: digit separators like '.' or ','.
|-
| Inner || Fractions are inner. What else is inner?
|-
|}

To set up e.g. the spacing between ordinal items, do as follows (since dec 2012):

<texcode>
 \startsetups math:morespacing
     \ordordspacing\textstyle 1mu plus .5mu minus .25mu\relax
 \stopsetups

 \setupmathematics
   [setups=math:morespacing]
</texcode>

[[Category:Mathematics]]