Difference between revisions of "URL"

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URLs can be typeset in various ways.  You may specify a URL for later reuse via {{cmd|useURL}}:
 
URLs can be typeset in various ways.  You may specify a URL for later reuse via {{cmd|useURL}}:
 
<texcode>
 
<texcode>
\useURL[aurl]      [http://xkcd.com/149/] [] [I prefer hot dogs.]  
+
\useURL[aurl]      [http://xkcd.com/149/] [] [I prefer hot dogs.]
 
</texcode>
 
</texcode>
 
where #1 is the identifier, #2 is the URL you want to point to, and #4 the text to be displayed where the URL is used. #3 can be used for the 'file path' portion of the URL, if you want. This dates back to when hyperlink support in  
 
where #1 is the identifier, #2 is the URL you want to point to, and #4 the text to be displayed where the URL is used. #3 can be used for the 'file path' portion of the URL, if you want. This dates back to when hyperlink support in  
Line 22: Line 22:
 
</texcode>
 
</texcode>
  
You can use
+
<!--You can use
 +
<texcode>
 +
\url[aurl]
 +
</texcode>
 +
as well, which behaves like {{cmd|from}}[#1].
 +
-->
 +
 
 +
URL shortcuts defined by {{cmd|useURL}} can be used while {{cmd|url}} as well:
 
<texcode>
 
<texcode>
 
\url[aurl]
 
\url[aurl]
 
</texcode>
 
</texcode>
as well, which behaves like \from[#1].
 
  
 
== How to Typeset URLs ==
 
== How to Typeset URLs ==
  
=== E-Mail mailto ===
+
=== Example for Mailto #1 ===
 
<context source=yes>
 
<context source=yes>
\setupinteraction[state=start]                                                                                                                                              
+
\setupinteraction[state=start]
\useurl [mymail] [mailto:nobody@example.zzz] [] [visible@mailaddress.zzz]                                                                                                              
+
\useurl [mymail] [mailto:nobody@example.zzz] [][visible@mailaddress.zzz]
                                                                                                                                                                             
+
 
\starttext                                                                                                                                                                   
+
Send your spam to \from[mymail]!
Send your spam to \from[mymail]!                                                                                                                                          
 
\stoptext   
 
 
</context>
 
</context>
  
 +
=== Example for Mailto #2 ===
 +
 +
<context source=yes>
 +
\setupinteraction[state=start]
  
 +
Send your spam to \goto{visible@mailaddress.zzz}[url(mailto:nobody@example.zzz)]
 +
</context>
  
=== Another solution ===
+
=== Example for WWW ({{cmd|goto}}) ===
  
<context source=yes>
+
Another way of typesetting URLs is the {{cmd|goto}}: \goto{#1}[#2] command.  This expects the description text as first argument and the actual URL as the second one; note that it has to be wrapped in url(#2) to create a clickable link:
\setupinteraction[state=start]                                                                                                                                                                      
+
<texcode>
\starttext                                                                                                                                                                   
+
\goto{In Lua, array indices start from one.}[url(http://www.xkcd.com/163/)]
Send your spam to \goto{visible@mailaddress.zzz}[url(mailto:nobody@example.zzz)]                                                                                                                                        
+
</texcode>
\stoptext   
+
                                                                     
</context>
 
                                                                                                                                                                         
 
 
=== Escaping of Special Characters ===
 
=== Escaping of Special Characters ===
  
Note that special characters, eg hash sign, percent sign, must be escaped.
+
You might be interested in [[URL#Avoid_Escaping_Characters|not escaping characters]].
 +
 
 +
Note that special characters, eg hash sign, percent sign, must be escaped by backslash.  
 
Escaping means that the special character will be processed one step later and it prevents
 
Escaping means that the special character will be processed one step later and it prevents
 
annoying error messages during compilation.
 
annoying error messages during compilation.
  
The <code>#</code> sign will be replaced by <code>\#</code>,<br/>
+
The <code>#</code> sign will be replaced by <code>\#</code>,
the <code>%</code> sign will be replaced by <code>\%</code>, etc.
+
the <code>%</code> sign by <code>\%</code>, etc.
  
 
<context source=yes>
 
<context source=yes>
\setupinteraction[state=start]                                                                                                                                              
+
\setupinteraction[state=start]
\useurl [myurl] [www.example.zzz/\#999] []
+
\useurl [myurl] [www.example.zzz/\#999] [] [www.example.zzz/\#999]
[www.example.zzz/\#999]                                                                          
 
 
</context>
 
</context>
  
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</context>
 
</context>
  
=== Hyphenation rules ===
+
=== Hyphenation Rules ===
  
 
This has some characters predefined where Hans “likes” URLs to break (see the list at the beginning of [[source:lang-url.lua|lang-url.lua]], cf. [http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-context/2008/032959.html a message on ntg-context]).
 
This has some characters predefined where Hans “likes” URLs to break (see the list at the beginning of [[source:lang-url.lua|lang-url.lua]], cf. [http://www.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-context/2008/032959.html a message on ntg-context]).
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The method for escaping of special characters described above does not work with command
 
The method for escaping of special characters described above does not work with command
<textcode>\hyphenatedurl</textcode>, unfortunately. Escaping backslash will undesirably appear on the output.
+
{{cmd|hyphenatedurl}} completely, unfortunately. Escaping backslash will undesirably appear on the output when percent sign is printed out. Similar problems bring hash sign and backslash.
  
In this case, all special characters must be rewritten to commands, see the following table:
+
Therefore, these three characters must be rewritten to commands, see the following list:
 
<table>
 
<table>
<tr><td><code>%</code></td><td><code>\letterpercent</code></td></tr>
+
<tr><td><code>%</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|letterpercent}}</code></td></tr>
<tr><td><code>#</code></td><td><code>\letterhash</code></td></tr>
+
<tr><td><code>#</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|letterhash}}</code></td></tr>
 +
<tr><td><code>\</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|letterescape}} or {{cmd|letterbackslash}}</code></td></tr>
 +
</table>
 +
 
 +
For other characters, similar commands have been predefined but it is not necessary to use them.
 +
 
 +
<table>
 +
<tr><td><code>&</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|letterampersand}}</code></td></tr>
 +
<tr><td><code><</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|letterless}}</code></td></tr>
 +
<tr><td><code>></code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|lettermore}}</code></td></tr>
 +
<tr><td><code>"</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|letterdoublequote}}</code></td></tr>
 +
<tr><td><code>'</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|lettersinglequote}}</code></td></tr>
 +
<tr><td><code>$</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|letterdollar}}</code></td></tr>
 +
<tr><td><code>^</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|letterhat}}</code></td></tr>
 +
<tr><td><code>_</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|letterunderscore}}</code></td></tr>
 +
<tr><td><code>|</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|letterbar}}</code></td></tr>
 +
<tr><td><code>~</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|lettertilde}}</code></td></tr>
 +
<tr><td><code>/</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|letterslash}}</code></td></tr>
 +
<tr><td><code>?</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|letterquestionmark}}</code></td></tr>
 +
<tr><td><code>!</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|letterexclamationmark}}</code></td></tr>
 +
<tr><td><code>@</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|letterat}}</code></td></tr>
 +
<tr><td><code>:</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|lettercolon}}</code></td></tr>
 +
<tr><td><code>{</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|letterbgroup}}</code> or <code>{{cmd|letteropenbrace}}</code> or <code>{{cmd|letterleftbrace}}</code></td></tr>
 +
<tr><td><code>}</code></td><td> --> <code>{{cmd|letteregroup}}</code> or <code>{{cmd|letterclosebrace}}</code> or <code>{{cmd|letterrightbrace}}</code></td></tr>
 
</table>
 
</table>
  
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</texcode>
 
</texcode>
  
These special commands can be used in other cases, like \useURL, too.
+
These special commands can be used in other cases, like {{cmd|useURL}}, too.
  
== Other ways ==
 
Another way of typesetting URLs is the {{cmd|goto}}: \goto{#1}[#2] command.  This expects the description text as first argument and the actual URL as the second one; note that it has to be wrapped in url(#2) to create a clickable link:
 
<texcode>
 
\goto{In Lua, array indices start from one.}[url(http://www.xkcd.com/163/)]
 
</texcode>
 
  
== Setting color and style ==
+
== Setting Color and Style ==
For \url:
+
For {{cmd|url}}:
 
<texcode>
 
<texcode>
 
\setupurl
 
\setupurl
Line 126: Line 153:
 
     style=\tf]
 
     style=\tf]
 
</texcode>
 
</texcode>
For  \goto and \from:
+
For  {{cmd|goto}} and {{cmd|from}}:
 
<texcode>
 
<texcode>
 
\setupinteraction
 
\setupinteraction
Line 139: Line 166:
 
If you need many hyperrefs in your document these definitions may be handy for you
 
If you need many hyperrefs in your document these definitions may be handy for you
 
<context source=yes>
 
<context source=yes>
\def\href#1#2{\useURL[#2][{#2}][][{#1}]\goto{\url[#2]}[url(#1)]}                                                                                                              
+
\def\href#1#2{\useURL[#2][{#2}][][{#1}]\goto{\url[#2]}[url(#1)]}
\def\ahref#1{\color[linkcolor]{\ttx \href{#1}{<#1>}}}                                                                                                                        
+
\def\ahref#1{\color[linkcolor]{\ttx \href{#1}{<#1>}}}
\def\fullahref#1{\color[linkcolor]{\ttx \href{#1}{http://#1}}}                                                                                                                
+
\def\fullahref#1{\color[linkcolor]{\ttx \href{#1}{http://#1}}}
\def\mailto#1{\useURL[#1][mailto:#1][][#1]\from[{#1}]}                                                                                                                        
+
\def\mailto#1{\useURL[#1][mailto:#1][][#1]\from[{#1}]}
\def\MailTo#1#2{\useURL[#1][mailto:#1][][#2]\from[{#1}]}      
+
\def\MailTo#1#2{\useURL[#1][mailto:#1][][#2]\from[{#1}]}
  
 
Send mail to \MailTo{foo@bar.zzz}{Mr. Foo}
 
Send mail to \MailTo{foo@bar.zzz}{Mr. Foo}
 
</context>
 
</context>
 +
 +
=== Avoid Escaping Characters ===
 +
 +
In case you don’t want to escape characters from your URLs, you might want to use the following command:
 +
 +
<context source="yes">
 +
\setupinteraction[state=start]
 +
\setupnote[footnote][location=text]
 +
\setupnotation[footnote][alternative=serried, numbercommand=\tfx]
 +
\unexpanded\def\mypersonalurl#1{%
 +
        \bgroup\tt\goto{\hyphenatedurl{#1}}[url(#1)]\egroup}
 +
 +
\startasciimode
 +
    \mypersonalurl{http://a.b?hpw%20h#pw}
 +
\stopasciimode
 +
\startasciimode
 +
    \footnote{\mypersonalurl{http://a.b?hpw%20h#pw}}
 +
\stopasciimode
 +
\placenotes[footnote]
 +
</context>
 +
 +
But you have to consider one option to make it work:
 +
 +
* Setting <cmd>asciimode</cmd> for the whole document.<p>Comments won’t work, because <code>%</code> will be considered a standard character.</p>
 +
 +
* Wrapping all URLs inside <cmd>startasciimode</cmd>...<cmd>stopasciimode</cmd>.<p>If you use URLs inside footnotes, it is the whole footnote which has to be inside the pair of commands.</p><p>Comments inside the mode won’t work.</p>
  
 
=== External Links ===
 
=== External Links ===

Revision as of 23:16, 24 December 2017

Overview

URLs can be typeset in various ways. You may specify a URL for later reuse via \useURL:

\useURL[aurl]       [http://xkcd.com/149/] [] [I prefer hot dogs.]

where #1 is the identifier, #2 is the URL you want to point to, and #4 the text to be displayed where the URL is used. #3 can be used for the 'file path' portion of the URL, if you want. This dates back to when hyperlink support in DVI viewers required that split.

Alternatively, you can use only two arguments and the URL will be used as its own text.

\useURL[anotherurl] [http://xkcd.com/224/]

(That way any character may appear inside the URL string without breaking things under certain circumstances, which can happen when you specify the URL itself as the fourth argument.)

Now that you have defined some URLs you are ready to dereference them by their identifier wherever you please. Don't forget to enable interaction for clickable WWW-look-and-feel.

\setupinteraction[state=start]
\starttext
\from[aurl]         % typesets the URL description in color
\from[anotherurl]   % typesets the URL in color
\stoptext


URL shortcuts defined by \useURL can be used while \url as well:

\url[aurl]

How to Typeset URLs

Example for Mailto #1

\setupinteraction[state=start]
\useurl [mymail] [mailto:nobody@example.zzz] [][visible@mailaddress.zzz]

Send your spam to \from[mymail]!

Example for Mailto #2

\setupinteraction[state=start]

Send your spam to \goto{visible@mailaddress.zzz}[url(mailto:nobody@example.zzz)]

Example for WWW (\goto)

Another way of typesetting URLs is the \goto: \goto{#1}[#2] command. This expects the description text as first argument and the actual URL as the second one; note that it has to be wrapped in url(#2) to create a clickable link:

\goto{In Lua, array indices start from one.}[url(http://www.xkcd.com/163/)]

Escaping of Special Characters

You might be interested in not escaping characters.

Note that special characters, eg hash sign, percent sign, must be escaped by backslash. Escaping means that the special character will be processed one step later and it prevents annoying error messages during compilation.

The # sign will be replaced by \#, the % sign by \%, etc.

\setupinteraction[state=start]
\useurl [myurl] [www.example.zzz/\#999] [] [www.example.zzz/\#999]

Another way of writing special characters is described below, with hyphenated URLs.

Hyphenated URLs

URLs tend to become large monsters under many circumstances but you may have a good reason not to conceal them from the reader. This is where hyphenation comes in handy. ConTeXt provides a dedicated mechanism for chopping them into pieces:

\hyphenatedurl{http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/05/a-former-book-designer-says-good-riddance-to-print/?hpw}

Hyphenation Rules

This has some characters predefined where Hans “likes” URLs to break (see the list at the beginning of lang-url.lua, cf. a message on ntg-context). If you prefer other characters you can add them via:

\sethyphenatedurlnormal{:=?&}
\sethyphenatedurlbefore{?&}
\sethyphenatedurlafter {:=}

URL hyphenation can, of course, be used wherever you need them.

\useURL[yaurl]      [http://xkcd.com/638/] [] [\hyphenatedurl{http://xkcd.com/638/}]
\starttext
\from[yaurl]
\stoptext

Escaping Special Characters

The method for escaping of special characters described above does not work with command \hyphenatedurl completely, unfortunately. Escaping backslash will undesirably appear on the output when percent sign is printed out. Similar problems bring hash sign and backslash.

Therefore, these three characters must be rewritten to commands, see the following list:

% --> \letterpercent
# --> \letterhash
\ --> \letterescape or \letterbackslash

For other characters, similar commands have been predefined but it is not necessary to use them.

& --> \letterampersand
< --> \letterless
> --> \lettermore
" --> \letterdoublequote
' --> \lettersinglequote
$ --> \letterdollar
^ --> \letterhat
_ --> \letterunderscore
| --> \letterbar
~ --> \lettertilde
/ --> \letterslash
? --> \letterquestionmark
! --> \letterexclamationmark
@ --> \letterat
: --> \lettercolon
{ --> \letterbgroup or \letteropenbrace or \letterleftbrace
} --> \letteregroup or \letterclosebrace or \letterrightbrace

A custom symbol can be inserted as well, eg in case of a linebreak:

\def\hyphenatedurlseparator{}

These special commands can be used in other cases, like \useURL, too.


Setting Color and Style

For \url:

\setupurl
   [color=blue,
    style=\tf]

For \goto and \from:

\setupinteraction
   [state=start,
    color=blue,
    style=\tf]

Tips and Tricks

Many Different Hyperrefs

If you need many hyperrefs in your document these definitions may be handy for you

\def\href#1#2{\useURL[#2][{#2}][][{#1}]\goto{\url[#2]}[url(#1)]}
\def\ahref#1{\color[linkcolor]{\ttx \href{#1}{<#1>}}}
\def\fullahref#1{\color[linkcolor]{\ttx \href{#1}{http://#1}}}
\def\mailto#1{\useURL[#1][mailto:#1][][#1]\from[{#1}]}
\def\MailTo#1#2{\useURL[#1][mailto:#1][][#2]\from[{#1}]}

Send mail to \MailTo{foo@bar.zzz}{Mr. Foo}

Avoid Escaping Characters

In case you don’t want to escape characters from your URLs, you might want to use the following command:

\setupinteraction[state=start]
\setupnote[footnote][location=text]
\setupnotation[footnote][alternative=serried, numbercommand=\tfx]
\unexpanded\def\mypersonalurl#1{%
        \bgroup\tt\goto{\hyphenatedurl{#1}}[url(#1)]\egroup}

\startasciimode
    \mypersonalurl{http://a.b?hpw%20h#pw}
\stopasciimode
\startasciimode
    \footnote{\mypersonalurl{http://a.b?hpw%20h#pw}}
\stopasciimode
\placenotes[footnote]

But you have to consider one option to make it work:

  • Setting \asciimode for the whole document.

    Comments won’t work, because % will be considered a standard character.

  • Wrapping all URLs inside \startasciimode...\stopasciimode.

    If you use URLs inside footnotes, it is the whole footnote which has to be inside the pair of commands.

    Comments inside the mode won’t work.

External Links

Create a macro for external links in a colour that is distinct from other document links.

% Enable document colours
\setupcolors[state=start,]

% Internal link colours
\setupinteraction[state=start,color=blue,]

% External link colours
\definecolor[steelblue][h=4682B4]
\define[2]\href{%
  \begingroup
    \setupinteraction[
      style=normal,
      color=steelblue,
    ]%
    \goto{#1}[url(#2)]%
  \endgroup%
}

% Set index colours
\setupcombinedlist[content][
  interaction=all,
  color=red,
]

% Set the table of contents colours
\setuplist[chapter][
  % Text colour
  color=darkcyan,
  % Page number colour
  pagecolor=darkgreen,
]

% Set up the index heading colour
\setupregister[index][
  color=darkgray,
  balance=no,
]

\def\Google{G\color[red]{o}\color[orange]{o}g\color[green]{l}\color[red]{e}}

\starttext
  \completecontent

  \startchapter[title=chapter]
Search \index{source code}{source code} using \href{\Google{} Website}{http://google.com}! Read about
\index{syntax}{syntax}.
  \stopchapter

\placeindex

\stoptext